Glycolic Acid: Uses, Evidence and Cautions

Glycolic acid is the smallest alpha hydroxy acid, originally derived from sugar cane, used to loosen dead surface cells so they shed more evenly, addressing rough texture, dullness and superficial uneven tone. Daily products use low concentrations, while in-clinic peels use higher strengths. It increases sun sensitivity, and eczema, rosacea or broken skin call for caution.

Key Facts

What it is: The smallest alpha hydroxy acid, used to loosen dead surface cells and improve texture, dullness and uneven tone.
Also called: Hydroxyacetic acid; alpha hydroxy acid (AHA)
Pairs with: Sunscreen, hyaluronic acid, ceramide moisturisers, niacinamide; alternate nights with retinoids
Who should take care: People with eczema, rosacea, active sunburn, broken skin or very sensitive skin should avoid or use with caution.
In Singapore: Lower-strength glycolic acid is a common cosmetic ingredient in cleansers, toners and serums sold in Singapore.

What is glycolic acid and what does it do?

Glycolic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid originally derived from sugar cane. Its small molecular size lets it penetrate the outer skin layer, where it weakens the bonds between dead cells so they shed more evenly. This smooths rough texture, brightens dullness and can help fade superficial pigmentation over time. At higher concentrations and lower pH, used as an in-clinic peel, it causes controlled exfoliation of the epidermis and may stimulate some collagen production. Daily-use products contain lower concentrations. Because it thins the outer layer temporarily, skin becomes more sensitive to sunlight, so daily sunscreen is essential while using it. [1]

Three small glass ampoules of clear and pale-blue solution standing on white marble

“Daily products use low concentrations, while in-clinic peels use higher strengths and are applied by a clinician.”
Dr Sin YongOn home glycolic versus clinic peels

What does the evidence show?

Reviews of glycolic acid peels report improvement in acne, superficial pigmentation, melasma and photoaging, mostly from small comparative and open-label studies. A Cochrane review of topical acne treatments included fruit acids but found low-certainty evidence. Evidence for home-use products is largely from small or manufacturer-supported studies. Results depend heavily on concentration, pH and contact time, so studies are difficult to compare directly.

Who should avoid glycolic acid?

People with eczema, rosacea, active sunburn, broken skin or very sensitive skin should avoid or use with caution. Darker skin types have a higher risk of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation if irritation occurs, so strengths are introduced gradually. Avoid combining with retinoids or other exfoliants on the same night at first. Stop before laser or peels unless advised.

Is glycolic acid available in Singapore?

Lower-strength glycolic acid is a common cosmetic ingredient in cleansers, toners and serums sold in Singapore. Higher-strength peels are intended for professional use under medical supervision. Limits and labelling depend on concentration and product type, so if unsure about a strong product, check with a doctor or pharmacist before use.

If a dark patch, breakout or irritation is not responding to what you are using, the next step is a diagnosis rather than another product. See the Skin A–Z library for related ingredients.

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Questions Patients Actually Ask

What is Glycolic Acid used for?+

The smallest alpha hydroxy acid, used to loosen dead surface cells and improve texture, dullness and uneven tone.

Who should avoid Glycolic Acid?+

Can Glycolic Acid be combined with other skincare?+

It is commonly paired with Sunscreen, hyaluronic acid, ceramide moisturisers, niacinamide; alternate nights with retinoids; introduce one new active at a time and stop if irritation develops.

Is a home glycolic acid product the same as a clinic peel?+

No. Daily products use low concentrations, while in-clinic peels use higher strengths and are applied by a clinician. The two should not be treated as interchangeable, and stronger peels are decided after assessment of the skin.

Do I need sunscreen when using glycolic acid?+

Yes. Glycolic acid increases sun sensitivity, so daily sunscreen is advised while using it. Avoid applying it to sunburnt or broken skin, and be cautious if you have eczema or rosacea. See a doctor if stinging or redness persists.

Medically reviewed by Dr Sin Yong, MBBS (NUS), MRCS (Edinburgh) · Last updated 7 October 2026 · Editorial policy

Availability in Singapore

Glycolic acid is a cosmetic ingredient in Singapore with concentration limits under Annex III of the ASEAN Cosmetic Directive. Products for general use may contain up to 10% alpha hydroxy acid at a pH of 3.5 or higher; 10–20% at pH 3.0 or higher is restricted to professional use; and anything above 20% is for use by a qualified medical practitioner only. Leave-on products at 2.5% or more without sunscreen must carry a sunburn alert. A doctor assesses skin type before any peel stronger than the retail range. Source.